If you have any Query Contact Us Contact Us

Are kids raised by same-sex parents mentally, physically and academically unwell?

Queer OutLoud

ഇങ്ങനെ തോന്നുന്നതിന്റെ കാരണം അവ്യക്തമാണ്. ഒരുപക്ഷേ, പൊതു ധാരണയാവാം. പല നൂറ്റാണ്ടുകളായി, പല culture-കളിൽ നിന്ന് ഉരിതിരിഞ്ഞുവന്ന ഈ പൊതുധാരണ, പല രീതിയിൽ Queer  കമ്മ്യൂണിറ്റിക്കെതിരെ queer phobia ഉണ്ടാക്കാൻ ഒരു മുഖ്യ പങ്ക് വഹിച്ചിരുന്നു എന്നതിൽ സംശയമില്ല. പല രാജ്യങ്ങളിലും queer ആയ വ്യക്തികൾക്ക് adoption അവകശങ്ങൾ കൊടുത്തിട്ടുണ്ട്, ഇല്ലാത്ത മറ്റൊരു രാജ്യമാണ് ഇന്ത്യ (single parent adoption only). എന്തുകൊണ്ട് ഈ discrimination എന്ന ചോദ്യം പ്രസക്തമാകുമ്പോൾ, ഈ പൊതുധാരണക്ക് പിന്നിൽ എന്തെങ്കിലും അർത്ഥമുണ്ടോ ഇല്ലേ എന്ന് അന്വേഷിക്കേണ്ടത് അനിവാര്യമാകുന്നു. എന്നിരിക്കെ, 30 വർഷങ്ങളായി നടത്തിവന്ന scientific studies നെ shortlist ചെയ്യുമ്പോൾ, same-sex മാതാപിതാക്കൾ ഉള്ള കുട്ടികളുടെ well being നെ കുറിച്ച് പ്രതിപാദിക്കുന്ന 79 peer-reviewed പഠനങ്ങളിൽ 75 എണ്ണം, Gay അല്ലെങ്കിൽ Lesbian മാതാപിതാക്കളുടെ കുട്ടികൾ മറ്റ് കുട്ടികളേക്കാൾ - "കുറവുമില്ല, എന്നാൽ കൂടുതലുമല്ല" എന്ന രീതിൽ perform ചെയ്തു എന്ന് conclude ചെയ്തു. എങ്കിൽ ബാക്കി നാല് പഠനങ്ങൾ, Same-sex മാതാപിതാക്കളുടെ കുട്ടികൾ 'added disadvantages' അഭിമുഖീകരിക്കേണ്ടിവരുന്നു എന്നും കണ്ടെത്തി. 

ആ 4 പഠനങ്ങൾ (against) എല്ലാതും ഒരേ പോരായ്മ തന്നെയാണ് കാണിച്ചത്. ഉദാഹരണത്തിന്, പഠനത്തിൽ വിരലിലെണ്ണാവുന്ന കുട്ടികൾ മാത്രമാണ് യഥാർത്ഥത്തിൽ same-sex മാതാപിതാക്കളാൽ വളർത്തപ്പെട്ടത്. ബാക്കിയുള്ളവർ, opposite-sex മാതാപിതാക്കളാൽ കുറച്ചുകാലം വളർത്തപ്പെട്ട്, പിന്നീട് parents-ൽ ഒരാൾ gay ആയി come-out ചെയ്തു - എന്ന രീതിയിലാണ് sample എടുത്തിരിക്കുന്നത്. അതുകൊണ്ടുതന്നെ, disruption, family breakup പോലെയുള്ള added stress-കൾ ആ family-കൾക്ക് സഹിക്കേണ്ടി വരുന്നുണ്ട്. (Sources - 1 to 4)

ഈ പഠനങ്ങളിൽ "Raised by same-sex parents" എന്ന് ലേബൽ ചെയ്തവരിൽ അത്തരം കുട്ടികളേം ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയത്, studies-നെ misleading and inaccurate ആക്കി മാറ്റുക തന്നെയാണ് ചെയ്യുന്നത്.  പോരാതെ, ഈ പഠങ്ങളിൽ "long term and stable same sex parents" എന്ന് പറയാവുന്ന രണ്ടേ രണ്ട് കേസ് മാത്രമേ ഉള്ളു എന്നത് മറ്റൊരു യാഥാർത്ഥ്യം. (Sources - 1 to 4)

എങ്കിലോ, ബാക്കിയുള്ള 75 പഠനങ്ങളും, Gay അല്ലെങ്കിൽ Lesbian മാതാപിതാക്കളുടെ കുട്ടികൾ മറ്റ് കുട്ടികളേക്കാൾ - "കുറവുമില്ല, എന്നാൽ കൂടുതലുമല്ല" എന്ന രീതിൽ perform ചെയ്തു എന്ന് തന്നെയാണ് conclude ചെയ്ത്. (Sources - 4 - 79)

അതുപോരാതെ, 2010-ൽ സ്റ്റാൻഫോർഡ് ഗവേഷകനായ മൈക്കിൾ, സെൻസസ് ഡാറ്റ കൊണ്ട് same-sex മാതാപിതാക്കളുടെ 3,500 കുട്ടികളിലെ സ്കൂൾ പുരോഗതി പരിശോധിക്കാൻ നടത്തിയ പഠനം, മറ്റു കുട്ടികളിൽ നിന്ന് കാര്യമായ വ്യത്യാസങ്ങളൊന്നും കണ്ടെത്തുവാനായില്ല.(80) മറ്റൊരു പഠനത്തിൽ 20,000-ത്തിലധികം കുട്ടികളുടെ സാമ്പിൾ പൂളിൽ ഉപയോഗിച്ചിരുന്നു. അതിൽ 158 പേർ samesex parents-ന്റെ കുടുംബത്തിലാണ് താമസിച്ചിരുന്നത് എങ്കിലും, അവരുടെ school outcome-നെ കാര്യമായി ഒരുവിധേനയും ബാധിച്ചതായി കണ്ടെത്താൻ സാധിച്ചില്ല.(81)

ചുരുക്കി പറഞ്ഞാൽ, 3 ദശവർഷങ്ങളായി നടത്തിവന്ന 95 ശതമാനത്തിലേറേ പഠനങ്ങൾ പറയുന്നു, same sex parents തന്റെ മക്കൾക്ക് ഒരുത്തരത്തിലുമുള്ള മാനസികമോ ശാരീരികമോ ആയുള്ള മാനഹാനി ഉണ്ടാക്കുന്നില്ല എന്ന്. പോരാതെ, അവരുടെ കുട്ടികൾ മറ്റു കുട്ടികളെ പോലെ mentally and academically fit-ഉം സന്തുഷ്ടരും തന്നെയാണ്. 

ഡാറ്റ ഇതാ നിങ്ങൾക്ക് മുന്നിൽ, നിങ്ങൾ തന്നെ തീരുമാനിക്കുക, same-sex parents unfit ആണോ അല്ലേ എന്ന്, എല്ലാവരും തന്റെ subconcious bias-ൽ നിന്ന് ചിന്തിക്കാൻ തുടങ്ങിയാൽ, സമൂഹം എവിടെയും എത്തില്ല എന്നോർക്കുക. 
“ഒരു മാറ്റം അത് എന്നും നല്ലതിന്”.

Citations and Sources -

  1. Allen, D. W. (2013). High school graduation rates among children of same-sex households. Review of Economics of the Household, 11(4), 635-658.
  2. Regnerus, M. (2012). How different are the adult children of parents who have same-sex relationships? Findings fromthe New Family Structures Study. Social Science Research, 41(4), 752-770.
  3. Sarantakos, S. (1996). Children in three contexts: Family, education and social development. Children Australia, 21(3),23-31.
  4. Sullins, D. P. (2015). Emotional problems among children with same-sex parents: difference by definition. British Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, (forthcoming).
  5. Adams, J., & Light, R. (2015). Scientific consensus, the law, and same sex parenting outcomes. Social ScienceResearch, 53, 300-310.
  6. Allen, M., & Burrell, N. (1996). Comparing the impact of homosexual and heterosexual parents on children: metaanalysis of existing research. Journal of Homosexuality, 32(2), 19-35.
  7. Anderssen, N., Amlie, C., & Ytteroy, E. A. (2002). Outcomes for children with lesbian or gay parents. A review of studies from 1978 to 2000. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43(4), 335-351.
  8. Baiocco, R., Santamaria, F., Ioverno, S., Fontanesi, L., Baumgartner, E., Laghi, F., Lingiardi V. (2015). Lesbian motherfamilies and gay father families in Italy: family functioning, dyadic satisfaction, and child well-being. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 12(3), 202-212.
  9. Bailey, J., Bobrow, D., Wolfe, M., & Mikach, S. (1995). Sexual orientation of adult sons of gay fathers. Developmental Psychology, 31(1), 124-129.
  10. Biblarz, T. J., & Stacey, J. (2010). How does the gender of parents matter? Jrnl of Marriage and Family, 72(1), 3-22.
  11. Bos, H. M. W. (2010). Planned gay father families in kinship arrangements. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 31(4), 356–371.
  12. Bos, H. M. W., Knox, J. R., van Rijn-van Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N. K. (2016). Same-Sex and Different-Sex Parent Households and Child Health Outcomes: Findings from the National Survey of Children’s Health. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 37(3), 179–187.
  13. Bos, H. M. W., & Sandfort, T. G. M. (2010). Children’s gender identity in lesbian and heterosexual two-parent families. Sex Roles, 62(1-2), 114-126
  14. Bos, H. M. W., van Balen F., & van den Boom, D. C. (2005). Lesbian families and family functioning: an overview. Patient Education and Counseling, 59(3), 263-275.
  15. Bos, H. M. W., van Balen, F., & van den Boom, D. C. (2007). Child adjustment and parenting in planned lesbianparent families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(1), 38-48.
  16. Bos, H., Gartrell, N., & van Gelderen, L. (2013). Adolescents in lesbian families: DSM-oriented scale scores and stigmatization. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 25(2), 121 – 140.
  17. Bos, H., van Gelderen, L., & Gartrell, N. (2014). Lesbian and heterosexual two-parent families: adolescent-parent relationship quality and adolescent well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(2), 1-16.
  18. Bos, H. M. W., Gartrell, N. K., Peyser, H., & van Balen, F. (2008). The USA national longitudinal lesbian family study (NLLFS): homophobia, psychological adjustment, and protective factors. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 12(4), 455-471.
  19. Bos, H. M. W., Goldberg, N. K, van Gelderen, L., & Gartrell, N. (2012). Adolescents of the U.S. National longitudinal lesbian family study: male role models, gender role traits and psychological adjustment. Gend. & Soc., 26(4), 603–638.
  20. Brewaeys, A., Ponjaert, I., van Hall, E. V., & Golombok, S. (1997). Donor insemination: child development and family functioning in lesbian mother families. Human Reproduction, 12(6), 1349-1359.
  21. Brewaeys, A., & van Hall, E. V. (1997). Lesbian motherhood: the impact on child development and family functioning. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 18(1), 1-16.
  22. Chan, R. W., Raboy, B., & Patterson, C. J. (1998). Psychosocial adjustment among children conceived via donor insemination by lesbian and heterosexual mothers. Child Development, 69(2), 443-457.
  23. Crouch, S. R., Waters, E., McNair, R., Power, J., & Davis, E. (2014). Parent-reported measures of child health and wellbeing in same-sex parent families: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health, 14 (635), 1-12.
  24. Crowl, A. L., Ahn, S., & Baker, J. (2008). A meta-analysis of developmental outcomes for children of same-sex and heterosexual parents. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 4(3), 385-407.
  25. Erich, S., Leung, P., & Kindle, P. (2005). A comparative analysis of adoptive family functioning with gay, lesbian, and heterosexual parents and their children. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 1 (4), 43-60.
  26. Erich, S., Kanenberg, H., Case, K., Allen, T., & Bogdanos, T. (2009). An empirical analysis of factors affecting adolescent attachment in adoptive families with homosexual and straight parents. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(3), 398-404.
  27. Falk, P. J. (1989). Lesbian mothers: Psychosocial assumptions in family law. American Psychologist, 44(6), 941-947.
  28. Farr, R. H., Forssell, S. L., & Patterson, C. J. (2010). Parenting and child development in adoptive families: does parental sexual orientation matter? Applied Developmental Science, 14(3), 164-178.
  29. Farr, R. H., & Patterson, C. J. (2013). Coparenting among lesbian, gay, and heterosexual couples: associations with adopted children’s outcomes. Child Development, 84(4), 1226-1240.
  30. Farr, R. H. (2017). Does parental sexual orientation matter? A longitudinal follow-up of adoptive families with schoolage children. Developmental Psychology, 53(2), 252-264.
  31. Fedewa, A. L., & Clark, T. P. (2009). Parent practices and home-school partnerships: a differential effect for children with same-sex coupled parents? Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 5(4), 312-339.
  32. Flaks, D. K., Ficher, I., Masterpasqua, F., & Joseph, G. (1995) Lesbians choosing motherhood: a comparative study of lesbian and heterosexual parents and their children. Developmental Psychology, 31(1), 105-114.
  33. Fulcher, M., Chan, R. W., Raboy, B., & Patterson, C. J. (2002). Contact with grandparents among children conceived via donor insemination by lesbian and heterosexual mothers. Parenting, 2(1), 61-76.
  34. Fulcher, M., Sutfin, E. L., & Patterson, C. J. (2008) Individual differences in gender development: associations with parental sexual orientation, attitudes, and division of labor. Sex Roles, 58(5/6), 330–341
  35. Gartrell, N. K., Bos, H. M. W., & Goldberg, N. G. (2011). Adolescents of the U.S. National longitudinal lesbian family study: sexual orientation, sexual behavior, and sexual risk exposure. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(6), 1199-1209.
  36. Gartrell, N. K., & Bos, H. M. W. (2010). Us national longitudinal lesbian family study: psychological adjustment of 17-year-old adolescents.Pediatrics, 126(1), 28-36.
  37. Gartrell, N. K., Bos, H. M. W., Peyser, H., Deck, A., & Rodas, C. (2012). Adolescents with lesbian mothers describe their own lives. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(9), 1211-1229.
  38. Gartrell, N. K., Deck, A., Rodas, C., Peyser, H., & Banks, A. (2005). The national lesbian family study: 4. Interviews with the 10-year-old children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(4), 518-524.
  39. Goldberg, A. E. (2007). (How) does it make a difference? Perspectives of adults with lesbian, gay, and bisexual parents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 550-562.
  40. Goldberg, A., & Smith, J. (2013). Predictors of psychological adjustment in early placed adopted children with lesbian, gay, and heterosexual parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(3), 431-42.
  41. Goldberg, N. G., Bos, H. M. W., & Gartrell, N. K. (2011). Substance use by adolescents of the USA National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study. Journal of Health Psychology, 16(8), 1231-1240.
  42. Golombok, S., Perry, B., Burston, A., Murray, C., Mooney-Somers, J., Stevens, M., Golding, J. (2003). Children with lesbian parents: A community study. Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 20-33.
  43. Golombok, S., Spencer, A., & Rutter, M. (1983). Children in lesbian and single-parent households: psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24(4), 551-572.
  44. Golombok, S. & Tasker, F. (1996) Do parents influence the sexual orientation of their children? Findings from a longitudinal study of lesbian families. Developmental Psychology, 32 (1), 3-11.
  45. Golombok, S., Tasker, F., & Murray, C. (1997). Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: family relationships and the socioemotional development of children of lesbian and single heterosexual mothers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(7), 783-791.
  46. Gottman, J. S. (1989). Children of gay and lesbian parents. Marriage & Family Review, 14(3-4), 177-196.
  47. Green, R., Mandel, J. B., Hotvedt, M. E., Gray, J., & Smith, L. (1986). Lesbian mothers and their children: a comparison with solo parent heterosexual mothers and their children. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15(2), 167-184.
  48. Harris, M., & Turner, P. (1986). Gay and lesbian parents. Journal of Homosexuality, 12(2), 101-13.
  49. Hoeffer, B. (1981). Children’s acquisition of sex-role behavior in lesbian-mother families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51 (3), 536–544.
  50. Huggins, S. (1989). A comparative study of self-esteem of adolescent children of divorced lesbian mothers and divorced heterosexual mothers. Journal of Homosexuality, 18(1-2), 123-135.
  51. Kirkpatrick, M., Smith, C., & Roy, R. (1981). Lesbian mothers and their children: a comparative survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51(3), 545-551.
  52. Lamb, M. E. (2012). Mothers, fathers, families, and circumstances: factors affecting children’s adjustment. Applied Developmental Science, 16(2), 98-111.
  53.  Lavner, J. A., Waterman, J., & Peplau, L. A. (2012). Can gay and lesbian parents promote healthy development in high-risk children adopted from foster care? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(4), 465-472.
  54. Leddy, A., Gartrell, N., & Bos, H. (2012). Growing up in a lesbian family: the life experiences of the adult daughters and sons of lesbian mothers. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 8(3), 243-257.
  55. Lewis, K. G. (1980). Children of lesbians: Their point of view. Social Work, 25(3), 198-203.
  56. Lick, D. J., Patterson, C. J., & Schmidt, K. M. (2013). Recalled social experiences and current psychological adjustment among adults reared by gay and lesbian parents. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 9(3), 230-253.
  57. MacCallum, F., & Golombok, S. (2004). Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: a follow-up of children of lesbian and single heterosexual mothers at early adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(8), 1407-1419.
  58. Miller, J. A., Jacobsen, R. B., & Bigner, J. J. (1981). The child’s home environment for lesbian vs. heterosexual mothers: a neglected area of research. Journal of Homosexuality, 7(1), 49-56.
  59. Patterson, C. J. (1995). Families of the lesbian baby boom: parents’ division of labor and children’s adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 31(1), 115-123.
  60. Patterson, C. J. (2001). Families of the Lesbian baby boom: Maternal mental health and child adjustment. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 4(3), 91-107.
  61. Patterson, C. J., Hurt, S., & Mason, C. D. (1998). Families of the lesbian baby boom: Children’s contact with grandparents and other adults.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(3), 390-399.
  62. Pawelski, J. G. et al (2006). The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnerships laws on the health and wellbeing of children.Pediatrics, 118(1), 349 -364.
  63. Perrin, E. C. (2002). Technical report: coparent or second-parent adoption by same-sex parents. Pediatrics, 109(2), 341-344.
  64. Perry, B., Burston, A., Stevens, M., Golding, J., Steele, H., & Golombok, S. (2004). Children’s play narratives: what they tell us about lesbian-mother families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(4), 467-479.
  65. Potter, D. (2012).Same-sex parent families and children’s academic achievement. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(3), 556–571.
  66. Rosenfeld, M. J. (2010).Nontraditional families and childhood progress through school. Demography, 47(3), 755-775.
  67. Ryan, S. (2007). Parent-child interaction styles between gay and lesbian parents and their adopted children. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 3(2), 105-132.
  68. Shechner, T., Slone, M., Lobel, T., & Schecter, R. (2013). Children’s adjustment in non-traditional families in Israel: the effect of parental sexual orientation and the number of parents on children’s development. Child: Care, Health, & Development, 39(2), 178-184.
  69. Stacey, J., & Biblarz, T. J. (2001). (How) does the sexual orientation of parents matter? American Sociological Review, 66(2), 159-183.
  70. Tasker, F. (2005). Lesbian mothers, gay fathers, and their children: a review. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 26(3), 224-40.
  71. Tasker, F., & Golombok, S. (1995). Adults raised as children in lesbian families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65(2), 203-215.
  72. van Gelderen, L., Bos, H. M. W., Gartrell, N., & Hermanns, J., Perrin, E. C. (2012). Quality of life of adolescents raised from birth by lesbian mothers: the us national longitudinal family study. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 33(1), 17-23.
  73. van Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N. N., Bos, H. M. W., & Hermanns, J. M. A. (2013). Stigmatization and promotive factors in relation to psychological health and life satisfaction of adolescents in planned lesbian families. Journal of Family Issues, 34(6), 809-827.
  74. van Rijn-van Gelderen, L., Bos, H. M. W., & Gartrell, N. (2015) Dutch adolescents from lesbian-parent families: how do they compare to peers with heterosexual parents and what is the impact of homophobic stigmatization? Journal of Adolescence, 40, 65-73.
  75. Vanfraussen, K., Ponjaert-Kristoffersen, I., & Brewaeys, A. (2002). What does it mean for youngsters to grow up in a lesbian family created by means of donor insemination? Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 20(4), 237-252.
  76. Vanfraussen, K., Ponjaert-Kristoffersen, I., & Brewaeys, A. (2003). Family functioning in lesbian families created by donor insemination. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73(1), 78-90.
  77. Wainright, J. L., & Patterson, C. J. (2006).Delinquency, victimization, and substance use among adolescents with female same-sex parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(3), 526-530.
  78. Wainright, J. L., & Patterson, C. J. (2008). Peer relations among adolescents with female same-sex parents. Developmental Psychology, 44(1), 117-126.
  79. Wainright, J. L., Russell, S. T., & Patterson, C. J. (2004). Psychosocial adjustment, school outcomes, and romanticrelationships of adolescents with same-sex parents. Child Development, 75(6), 1886-1898.
  80. Rosenfeld MJ. Nontraditional families and childhood progress through school. Demography. 2010 Aug;47(3):755-75. doi: 10.1353/dem.0.0112. PMID: 20879687; PMCID: PMC3000058.
  81. Potter, D., & Potter, E. C. (2016). Psychosocial Well-Being in Children of Same-Sex Parents: A Longitudinal Analysis of Familial Transitions. Journal of Family Issues, 38(16), 2303–2328. doi:10.1177/0192513x16646338

Post a Comment

Cookie Consent
We serve cookies on this site to analyze traffic, remember your preferences, and optimize your experience.
Oops!
It seems there is something wrong with your internet connection. Please connect to the internet and start browsing again.
AdBlock Detected!
We have detected that you are using adblocking plugin in your browser.
The revenue we earn by the advertisements is used to manage this website, we request you to whitelist our website in your adblocking plugin.
Site is Blocked
Sorry! This site is not available in your country.